Muscle twitch in upper abdomen - A back spasm is an involuntary contraction of the back muscles. Moving in a certain way may trigger a back spasm. More often than not, spasms happen because of muscle weakness, overuse, or …

 
Anyone have muscles twitching all over body everyday. Also body jerks at night in all limbs and very bad nerve pain in upper abdomen and ribs that wraps around to back. Recently diagnosed with pots but have all this going on as well. No answers from many doctors. Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.. Grocery stores in lewisville tx

Shakes or spasms due to anxiety or exercise. Infant muscle twitching during sleep or after a feeding. Essential myoclonus. Essential myoclonus occurs on its own, usually without other symptoms and without being related to any underlying illness. The cause of essential myoclonus is often unknown.Sudden severe abdominal pain, especially in the lower abdomen and on the left side, is common with colon spasms. The pain can vary in its intensity with each spasm. Gas or bloating.A muscle spasm, also known as a muscle cramp, is a forceful, involuntary contraction. Abdominal muscles are particularly prone to spasms because they are so short and tend to stay contracted when doing exercises such as situps. A mild spasm is felt as a dull pulling or fluttering sensation, while a severe spasm feels like a sharp, stabbing pain.Twitch legend Tyler "Ninja" Blevins, who famously played Fortnite with Drake, is bringing in thousands of dollars from streaming. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newslette...Muscle tension is one of the main hallmarks of generalized anxiety disorder, yes - one of the six symptoms required for diagnosis, actually. It manifests in painless twitches or spasms, cramps and soreness. When you are on edge and anxious, your muscles are also tense and prolonged tension leads to pain from the strain on your muscles - just ...Stomach spasms (abdominal muscle spasms) are involuntary contractions of the abdomen. Skip to the content. FREE SHIPPING ON Orders OVER $59+ Call Us:1-866-531-0466 My Cart (0)A muscle cramp is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more muscles. Sometimes called a charley horse, a muscle cramp can be very painful. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to muscle cramps. Some medicines and illnesses also might cause muscle cramps. Muscle cramps aren't usually harmful.Twitch, the Amazon-owned streaming service for gamers, is poised to surpass 40 million monthly active viewers in the U.S. as of next year, according to a new forecast from eMarkete...A body tremor is an involuntary muscle contraction with a rhythmic pattern that causes shaking in one or more body parts. This article outlines the different types of body tremors and their causes ...A Verified Doctor answered. 40 years experience. Yes: Anxiety whether transient or as a chronic disorder is a successful mimic of a multitude of physiologic reactions; muscle twitching is just one of the ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone.The fluttering feeling in the stomach can be caused by a variety of reasons. The most common ones are anxiety, nervousness, diaphragmatic spasms, hiccups, etc. Some uncommon causes include diaphragmatic flutter, cardiac arrhythmias, surgical injury, phrenic nerve irritation, and inflammation, etc.Nerve injury of the abdominal wall is one of the many complications of abdominal surgery. In conventional surgery, lesions of the intercostal nerves after subcostal laparotomy are well known, resulting in paresis of the rectus abdominis muscle and bulging of the abdominal wall. After Pfannenstiel incisions in gynaecological …Takeaway. Pain in the diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — can happen for many reasons, such as an injury, pregnancy, and pneumonia. The diaphragm moves downward ...Abdominal Muscle Spasms! upper abdominal spasms and sore throat Painful stomach spasms Ongoing, worsening, severe, upper right abdominal pain that Left Upper Quadrant Pain with Spasm muscle spasms in my sleep severe painful neck spasms Esophageal spasms spasms in upper stomach between ribs Having nose spasms sudden and random pain spasmsMuscle twitching is more common than you may think and it's usually not serious. Common causes range from too much caffeine and too much stress to strenuous exercise and a lack of sleep. Managing stress and limiting caffeine, for example, may be enough to stop the twitching. Muscle twitching alone does not necessarily indicate a disease.A Verified Doctor answered. Family Medicine 49 years experience. Fasciculations: or twitching muscles are due to multiple causes: stress, tension, anxiety, low electrolytes, low calcium, magnesium, zinc or underlying metabolic or ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone.The Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group conducts and supports research on the prevention and early detection of lung and head and neck cancers, as well as new approa...involuntary muscle twitching; loss of appetite; paralysis; ... Slipping rib syndrome occurs when the cartilage on the lower ribs slips and moves, leading to pain in the chest or upper abdomen.Other symptoms can vary, and may include: an inability to exercise. itchiness or shakiness in the muscles. sudden quick, jerking contractions or involuntary muscle spasms. stiffness. general ...Flank pain is pain in one side of the body between the upper belly area (abdomen) and the back. Flank pain is pain in one side of the body between the upper belly area (abdomen) an...Excessive physical activity can lead to muscle twitching. This is more likely to affect the legs and arms. However, the abdominal muscles can also be strained when swimming, walking or running as these muscle stabilize the torso at the hips. Naturally strain will also occur with abdominal muscle exercises like sit ups and abdominal crunches.The cause of twitching chin muscles can be caused by a tumor or blood vessel compressing the nerve, injury to a facial nerve, or a disease such as Bell’s palsy, according to the Ma...Abdominal pains are widespread symptoms. Doctors usually divide the abdomen into four quadrants due to the number of organs and structures found to arrive at a timely diagnosis and treatment. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) is below the right rib cage. Pain in this area can be caused by multiple pathologies that affect organs such as …A distended upper abdomen, also known as diastasis recti, is typically caused by the stretching and resultant thinning of the linea alba tissues along the front wall of the stomach...A common manifestation of the condition is a "rippling" of the muscles beneath the lower eyelid, maybe spreading to the muscles beneath the upper eyelid. Myokymia is treated with a warm compress to relieve muscle tension, or a small dose of antihistamine to induce relaxation, or bed rest with no use of handheld electronics or computer screens ...A fasciculation, or muscle twitch, is a spontaneous, involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation, involving fine muscle fibers. They are common, with as many as 70% of people experiencing them. ... Small twitches of the upper or lower eyelid, for example, are not tics, because they do not involve a whole muscle, but rather are unsuppressible ...Nov 29, 2023 ... ... abdominal contractions of 15 years duration. ... abdomen, followed by careful dissection through ... upper part of the left rectus muscle (Figure 1) ...Mar 7, 2019 · Muscle twitches can occur for many reasons, such as a lack of sleep, nutrient deficiencies, overexertion, and stress. Depending on the cause, treatments and remedies may help a muscle twitch. A ... Takeaway. Pain in the diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — can happen for many reasons, such as an injury, pregnancy, and pneumonia. The diaphragm moves downward ...A Verified Doctor answered. 40 years experience. Yes: Anxiety whether transient or as a chronic disorder is a successful mimic of a multitude of physiologic reactions; muscle twitching is just one of the ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone.When affected muscles stretch, spasticity may also cause them to twitch or jerk in an uncontrolled way – a spasm. If muscles twitch or jerk repeatedly, this is ...Twitch has updated its misinformation policies and says it will ban those who frequently share falsehoods. Under the new rules, the platform will block “harmful misinformation supe...Common causes that are usually minor. Common causes of muscle twitching include the following: Physical activity. Lactic acid accumulates. Trusted Source. in the muscles used during exercise. It ...Reviewed/Revised Oct 2023. A muscle cramp (charley horse) is a sudden, brief, involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Cramps commonly occur in healthy people (usually middle-aged and older adults), sometimes during rest, but particularly during or after exercise or at night (including during sleep).Oct 28, 2022 · Esophageal spasms make it difficult for the muscles in the walls of your lower esophagus to coordinate in order to move food to your stomach. There are two types of esophageal spasms — distal esophageal spasm and hypercontractile esophagus, also referred to as jackhammer esophagus. Risk factors. There are no known risk factors for esophageal ... Through a new tool called Guest Star, streamers can now pull other creators and fans into their streams for a talk show-like experience. With its biggest product launch in years, T...Home remedies for immediate relief of Abdominal muscle spasm: This are the some preventive ways to cure abdominal spasm: Abdominal muscles stretching: Types of abs stretch, 1.Cobra Pose abdominal stretch: 2.Cat-Cow Stretch: 3.Seated side-straddle stretch: 4.Chest opener on an exercise ball: 5.Ab Side Stretch:Abdominal pains are widespread symptoms. Doctors usually divide the abdomen into four quadrants due to the number of organs and structures found to arrive at a timely diagnosis and treatment. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) is below the right rib cage. Pain in this area can be caused by multiple pathologies that affect organs such as …The fluttering feeling in the stomach can be caused by a variety of reasons. The most common ones are anxiety, nervousness, diaphragmatic spasms, hiccups, etc. Some uncommon causes include diaphragmatic flutter, cardiac arrhythmias, surgical injury, phrenic nerve irritation, and inflammation, etc.By bedtime every night I am experiencing spasms in the upper right abdominal quadrant -- basically just below the right breast and along the edge of the ribcage This topic is answered by a medical expert. ... mild to severe upper abdominal muscle spasms and pain Mystery Pain under right rib cage, back right NOT gallblatterLoss of consciousness and body tone, followed by twitching and relaxing muscle contractions. Loss of control of body functions. May be a short 30-second period of no breathing and the person may turn a shade of blue. After this type of seizure, a person may be sleepy and experience a headache, confusion, weakness, numbness, and sore …Oct 26, 2020 · They rarely affect large muscle groups, but more commonly several fibers of one of the muscles, which is called fasciculation, or more popularly – twitching or jittering. Here are some of the most common causes of abdominal muscle twitching. Stress. Stress is a very common trigger of muscle twitching. Sometimes abdominal spasms are due to acute disorders of the intestines, such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or diverticulitis. This is because the colon and small intestine are the predominant organs in the lower abdomen. Other causes coming from organs within the abdomen include gallstones, hernia, and ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.1. Bulge. One of the easiest ways to tell if your pain is caused by a hernia or pulled stomach muscle is if you have a bulge or not. A hernia will usually cause a distinct bulge where the tissue or organ pushes through the muscle wall. Abdominal muscle strains don’t cause a bulge or visible lump. 2.In pregnancy they also support your growing baby and uterus. The abdominal muscles and ligaments stretch throughout pregnancy under the influence of the ...Muscle twitches have a variety of causes, many of which are minor. You should see your doctor if the twitches are continuous, cause weakness or muscle loss, affects multiple body parts, begin after a new medication or new medical condition. Sore muscles after exercise is normal and a sign your muscles are repairing themselves. Extreme soreness, however, may be a sign that you’ve overdone it.Creative industries are flocking to Twitch in the wake of the pandemic. Twitch, the world’s largest livestream platform, looks very different in the wake of the coronavirus pandemi...Stomach spasms (abdominal muscle spasms) are involuntary contractions of the abdomen. Skip to the content. FREE SHIPPING ON Orders OVER $59+ Call Us:1-866-531-0466 My Cart (0)Pressure. Sharp pain. Tickling. Tightness. Tingling or pins and needles. Vibration. It can last a few seconds to a few hours, and in rare cases, a few days. People often say it’s like wearing a ...The muscles of the abdomen protect vital organs underneath and provide structure for the spine. These muscles help the body bend at the waist. The major muscles of the abdomen include the rectus ...Dec 12, 2017 · The diaphragm is located between the upper abdomen and the chest. It is the muscle responsible for helping you breathe. As you inhale, your diaphragm contracts so your lungs can expand to let in ... Epigastric pain affects the middle of the upper abdomen, just below the ribcage. It is common during pregnancy. Other causes include indigestion, acid reflux and GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and more.Dec 21, 2023 · Takeaway. Pain in the diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — can happen for many reasons, such as an injury, pregnancy, and pneumonia. The diaphragm moves downward ... Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) Ritalin (methylphenidate) At other times, having too little of a certain electrolyte, such as magnesium or calcium, can cause a spontaneous twitch. Benign fasciculations can also occur at times of stress or illness and even during exercise. Exercise is, in fact, one of the more common causes.Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) Ritalin (methylphenidate) At other times, having too little of a certain electrolyte, such as magnesium or calcium, can cause a spontaneous twitch. Benign fasciculations can also occur at times of stress or illness and even during exercise. Exercise is, in fact, one of …Apr 21, 2008 · Upper abdominal cramps (severe spasms) Constant lower eyelid twiching Facial nerves twitching Night time twitching Continuous fluttwering in upper abdominal area eyes twitching and temple tingling Problem with eyelid twitching Nose Twitch upper right abdominal spasms twitching/bubbling in temple followed by pressure temple twitching Takeaway. Pain in the diaphragm — the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen — can happen for many reasons, such as an injury, pregnancy, and pneumonia. The diaphragm moves downward ...A Waco, Texas, home that appeared on the HGTV show 'Fixer Upper' is now on the market for nearly $1 million By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from...Jul 31, 2019 · A twitch or pulse in the abdomen can not only be severely irritating, it can be a symptom of a serious underlying issue. In one scenario, this is a symptom of the condition we have been discussing this month. This condition is called an abdominal aortic aneurysm. This gastroenterology condition is most often within elderly men that are smokers ... May 20, 2022 ... Three days now I've had a weird Muscle Twitch / spasm, throughout the day. No pain or discomfort. Its in the bit below my bra line/last ...The most common cause of muscle spasms is muscle fatigue, or overuse of a particular muscle, according to MedlinePlus. Sometimes a muscle spasm can feel like the muscle is hard, bulging, twitching or tight. ... As the condition worsens, you can experience muscle spasms in your upper arms, abdomen and thighs. Most children receive a total of ...Dec 3, 2019 ... I have had a twitching sensation in my abdomen with IBS and it occurred all over my abdomen and the sensation moved about if that helps you at ...muscle spasms; cramps; swelling; ... it can cause dull one-sided pain in the upper abdomen. This pain may radiate to other parts of the body, including the lower abdomen, groin, side, and upper ...Dec 6, 2023 · Abdominal pains are widespread symptoms. Doctors usually divide the abdomen into four quadrants due to the number of organs and structures found to arrive at a timely diagnosis and treatment. The right upper quadrant (RUQ) is below the right rib cage. Pain in this area can be caused by multiple pathologies that affect organs such as muscles ... Fluttering/twitching in upper left abdomen. no pain, similar to an eye twitch. should i be concerned? Dr. David Duncan m.d. answered. Family Medicine 44 years experience. Cramps and vibration: The feelings of twitching is usually caused by small muscle contractions and relaxations just as in the eye.Muscle cramps and spasms happen when a muscle spontaneously contracts. The reason for this isn't well understood, but some researchers believe cramps and spasms may be related to muscle fatigue, muscle strain, or other factors like dehydration. A muscle spasm or muscle cramp can cause minor discomfort to severe …Upper right back pain under shoulder blade. Muscle strain, sprains, and spasms can affect the rhomboid muscles, which are located in the middle of the shoulder blades.This pain is mostly felt in ...Corticosteroid (steroid) drugs are common causes of fasciculation. Other medications that cause lip twitching include: Drugs that treat muscle diseases, such as neostigmine. Medications that treat short-term paralysis, such as succinylcholine. Medications that treat mental illness, such as nortriptyline or lithium.The Multiple Sclerosis "Hug". Perhaps one of the oddest pain-related symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) is the "MS hug" (a.k.a. girdle-band sensation, girdling, or banding)—the feeling like there's a tight band around the chest and ribs. This can come and go over the course of several weeks and range from an annoying pressure to abject pain.Muscle cramps and body aches during pregnancy may occur in any muscle or muscle group but is most commonly experienced in the legs. Muscle spasms that occur in the back or abdomen are also possible. A muscle cramp or spasm is characterized by the following: Involuntary contraction or tightening of a muscle. Usually sudden.First steps to consider. If you have the most common causes of stomach spasms—heartburn or peptic ulcers—it can usually be treated with OTC antacids. You should also try to avoid foods that make your symptoms worse, like greasy, spicy, high-fat foods, alcohol, and coffee. Get stomach spasms treatment today. 2.Abdomen/ Belly Twitching — Body Parts Twitching. If someone’s abdomen or belly is twitching, it shows a relaxed life. The person will be relaxed and enjoy the pleasures of life. Shin Twitching. The twitching of shin indicates that peace with enemies. And also shows the birth of the baby boy. Sole of feet Twitching. If the soles …Hemifacial spasm affects muscles on one side of the face. Laryngeal dystonia causes spasms in the voice box (larynx). It can affect voice quality, leading to hoarseness or interruptions in sound ...Any muscle can be affected but spasms and spasticity affecting the arms, legs or back are most common. Spasticity and spasms can range from mild to severe and ...It's in my upper left abdomen right underneath my rib cage. It worries me, but maybe I'm just paranoid. I'm sure it's just a muscle spasm or something, but it is extremely irritating. ... I feel silly calling a doctor, but it is bothering me not knowing if this is something minor like a muscle twitch or major like a tumor. I am glad I am not ...Dec 3, 2019 ... I have had a twitching sensation in my abdomen with IBS and it occurred all over my abdomen and the sensation moved about if that helps you at ...Twitch, the Amazon-owned streaming service for gamers, is poised to surpass 40 million monthly active viewers in the U.S. as of next year, according to a new forecast from eMarkete...Twitching, also known as fasciculations, is the abnormal firing of a single muscle or a group of muscles. People usually experience twitching in their abdomen, …What it feels like. The MS hug is a tight, uncomfortable, sometimes painful sensation that wraps around your body, like you’re being squeezed. Some people report no pain, instead feeling ...Sep 16, 2023 · Peptic Ulcer. Bowel Obstruction. Diverticulosis. Heart Attack. Pneumonia. Pulmonary Embolism. Trauma. Upper abdominal pain has many causes from indigestion and heartburn to gallstones or a liver abscess. Much of the time, the pain is temporary and resolves on its own. Oct 26, 2020 · They rarely affect large muscle groups, but more commonly several fibers of one of the muscles, which is called fasciculation, or more popularly – twitching or jittering. Here are some of the most common causes of abdominal muscle twitching. Stress. Stress is a very common trigger of muscle twitching. Apr 26, 2022 · What are back spasms? A spasm is when your muscles suddenly and against your will. They may painfully twinge, seize or contract. The muscles in your upper, middle and lower back are divided into three types: intrinsic/deep muscles, superficial muscles and intermediate muscles. Lower back spasms are more common, but any muscle can contract. Mar 9, 2024 · Not Enough Water. 5 /16. If you don’t get enough to drink, your muscles will be more likely to twitch and spasm. It’s not just the water -- when you sweat a lot or lose body fluids when you ... These stretches should be held for 20 seconds for three repetitions (3 x 20 secs). They help to activate and loosen the deep spinal muscles, shoulders, calves and hamstrings which are vulnerable to regular cramps. 2. Build strength. Medial leg …Involuntary muscle movements refer to body movements that are outside of your control. These movements may be mild, such as a slight eye twitch. They can also be quite pronounced, affecting the arms, trunk, or neck. Involuntary movements may be caused by chronic conditions, nerve damage, drug reactions, or brain injury.Diverticulitis is a condition that affects the digestive tract. It causes uncomfortable symptoms like bloating, diarrhea, and constipation. It can also cause pain and muscle cramps in your abdomen ...Music streaming service Soundcloud is capitalizing on consumer demand for live entertainment amid the COVID-19 quarantine with the launch of its own slate of originally produced li...In rare cases, a twitch coming from the stomach area can be a symptom of a more serious condition such as a motor neuron disease, says Dr. Kantor. If that stomach twitching is really bothering you, see a neurologist to rule out any disease process and put your mind at ease. However, chances are, if your stomach muscles have been twitching, it ...

The twitching is normally attributed to the transversus abdominis, which is the deepest layer of muscles in the abdominal area. Although uncommon, twitching in the upper abdomen can also be caused by strenuous exercise. It is a sign that the body is over-exerting itself. In these situations, the twitching will normally stop within a relatively .... Corn festival ohio

muscle twitch in upper abdomen

In pregnancy they also support your growing baby and uterus. The abdominal muscles and ligaments stretch throughout pregnancy under the influence of the ...Common causes that are usually minor. Common causes of muscle twitching include the following: Physical activity. Lactic acid accumulates. Trusted Source. in the muscles used during exercise. It ...The abdominal muscles stretch over the abdomen from the chest to the hips, covering the center and sides also. Doctors also refer to a pulled muscle as a strain or tear. This type of injury can ...Other symptoms can vary, and may include: an inability to exercise. itchiness or shakiness in the muscles. sudden quick, jerking contractions or involuntary muscle spasms. stiffness. general ...Peptic Ulcer. Bowel Obstruction. Diverticulosis. Heart Attack. Pneumonia. Pulmonary Embolism. Trauma. Upper abdominal pain has many causes from indigestion and heartburn to gallstones or a liver abscess. Much of the time, the pain is temporary and resolves on its own.Upper right back pain under shoulder blade. Muscle strain, sprains, and spasms can affect the rhomboid muscles, which are located in the middle of the shoulder blades.This pain is mostly felt in ...SmartAsset compared the inflows and outflows for upper-middle-class people for each state and Washington, D.C. and ranked where they are moving to in 2021. Calculators Helpful Guid...When you have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), you may think your abdominal pain under the ribs is from trapped intestinal gas. But some of it may come from other sources. Intestinal gas results from the activity of gut bacteria on food. An aspect of IBS called visceral hypersensitivity heightens pain in your digestive tract.belching. sharp abdominal spasms or cramping. chest pain. nausea. constipation. diarrhea. fever. While symptoms from splenic flexure syndrome may not be life threatening, this condition can cause ...Muscles in the legs, thighs, abdomen, biceps, triceps, and neck are also affected. Abdominal twitching is not alarming at all, even though it is extremely annoying sometimes. Causes of twitching. Muscle twitching is mostly idiopathic, in other words the cause is unknown. However, there are some other factors that may cause the muscles to twitch.Dystonia. Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder. People with dystonia experience involuntary muscle spasms and contractions. Movements are often repetitive and cause unusual, awkward and sometimes painful postures. Tremor (shaking) is often associated with some types of dystonia. Dystonia can be a condition on its own (primary dystonia).An abdominal muscle strain may increase your risk of getting a hernia. A hernia and a pulled stomach muscle can both cause abdominal pain. Hernias cause a lump or bulge at the hernia site, which may ache or burn. A hernia can also cause constipation or nausea and vomiting (abdominal strains don’t cause these problems).Sep 25, 2020 · A common manifestation of the condition is a "rippling" of the muscles beneath the lower eyelid, maybe spreading to the muscles beneath the upper eyelid. Myokymia is treated with a warm compress to relieve muscle tension, or a small dose of antihistamine to induce relaxation, or bed rest with no use of handheld electronics or computer screens ... While performing sit-ups, a 70-year-old man was unable to lift his upper body. The abdominal skin reflex was absent, and abdominal ultrasonography showed intermittent, irregular, and localized muscle twitches of the abdominal muscles. Further, electromyography (EMG) detected widespread fasciculations. Amyotrophic lateral …Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) Sudafed (pseudoephedrine) Ritalin (methylphenidate) At other times, having too little of a certain electrolyte, such as magnesium or calcium, can cause a spontaneous twitch. Benign fasciculations can also occur at times of stress or illness and even during exercise. Exercise is, in fact, one of …The main symptom of benign fasciculation syndrome (BFS) is frequent muscle twitching. The twitching happens when your muscle is at rest (relaxed). The …Around 4 to 5 weeks ago i noticed a fluttering/spasm/twitching feeling coming from my upper right abdomen, it feels deep inside and is not painful just worrying. accompanied with this i have excess wind and a feeling of bloating but i cant say i have pain, well maybe a very slight ache. I also have so much gurgling going on all over my abdomen ...Fast twitch and slow twitch muscles are types of muscle fiber used to perform different kinds of physical activity. For example, slow twitch muscles in the lower leg aid in standin...In a highly competitive housing market, fixer-uppers are making up a greater share of the housing market. By clicking "TRY IT", I agree to receive newsletters and promotions from M....

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