Xanax withdrawal symptoms can be safely managed by developing a gradual taper with your doctor, slowly decreasing your dose over weeks or months. Common and serious Xanax withdrawal …avoiding drinks that can disrupt sleep, such as caffeine and alcohol, later in the day. avoiding large meals before bed. exercising regularly during the day but not before bedtime. keeping the ...Dry mouth, headache, and a decrease in libido (sexual drive) are also common. May impair reaction skills and affect a person's ability to drive or operate machinery. Avoid alcohol (can enhance the sedative effect). Alprazolam is potentially addictive and may cause emotional and physical dependence.Generic Xanax Availability. Last updated on Apr 10, 2024. See also: Generic Xanax XR. Xanax is a brand name of alprazolam, approved by the FDA in the following formulation(s): XANAX (alprazolam - tablet;oral) Manufacturer: UPJOHN Approved Prior to Jan 1, 1982 Strength(s): 0.25MG , 0.5MG , 1MG ; Manufacturer: …1 day ago ... Bromazolam Vs Xanax. Flubromazolam overdose: A review of a new designer …. One dose of Xanax can last anywhere from 31 hours to 134. Within this ...HollyFrontier News: This is the News-site for the company HollyFrontier on Markets Insider Indices Commodities Currencies StocksA chronometer is a timepiece that is exceptionally accurate. Traditionally, the term refers to the marine chronometer. Learn more at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Chronometer, a tim...Jun 11, 2021 · Flubromazolam is the triazolo-derivate of flubromazepam. It was identified in Sweden in 10 seized white tablets labelled “XANAX” and reported to EMCDDA in October 2014 [ 50 ]. It possesses strong and long-lasting depressive effect on the CNS. Xanax is a brand-name anti-anxiety medication commonly prescribed to adults with anxiety, or generalized anxiety disorder.Xanax can also be used to treat panic disorder. Xanax contains the active ingredient alprazolam.. Xanax is classified as a benzodiazepine drug.It works by binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors …Indices Commodities Currencies StocksZoloft (sertraline) is an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) that is indicated for the treatment of depression and other psychological conditions. An SSRI works by increasing levels of serotonin in the brain, helping improve symptoms. Xanax (alprazolam) is a benzodiazepine drug, which works in the central nervous system (CNS).The recommended starting oral dosage of XANAX for the acute treatment of patients with GAD is 0.25 mg to. 0.5 mg administered three times daily. Depending upon the response, the dosage may be adjusted at intervals of every 3 to 4 days. The maximum recommended dosage is 4 mg daily (in divided doses).The researchers found that after 120 minutes, Xanax concentrations increased by 642 percent when alcohol was also present. This is a huge increase, and it demonstrates just how dangerous it can be to combine alcohol and Xanax. When the two are present at once, Xanax is just easier for the body to make use of, and the concentrations of the drug ...Mar 15, 2024 ... Flubromazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine (i.e., a benzodiazepine derivative). Users report heavy hypnotic and sedative effects, long-lasting ...Some side effects of both these drugs include sedation, dizziness, weakness, unsteadiness, and memory problems. Ativan also has fewer unfavorable interactions ...More about Xanax ( alprazolam ) Ratings & Reviews. Lorazepam has an average rating of 8.0 out of 10 from a total of 1051 ratings on Drugs.com. 74% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 13% reported a negative effect. Xanax has an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 from a total of 929 ratings on Drugs.com. 83% of reviewers reported a ...Difficulty concentrating. Feelings of unreality. Hallucinations. Panic attacks. Restlessness. Xanax is a high-potency drug, which makes its withdrawal symptoms more intense than symptoms of withdrawal from other types of benzodiazepines such as Valium (diazepam). The Best Online Help for Depression of 2024.Learn about side effects, dosage, and more of Xanax (alprazolam), which is a prescription tablet that treats anxiety in adults. If you have anxiety, your medical professional may r...Nov 23, 2022 · Xanax vs. Xanax XR. There are two kinds of Xanax tablets. One form of Xanax tablets is immediate release. This means all the medication is released into your system soon after the tablet dissolves Mania. XANAX may cause an increase in activity and talking (hypomania and mania) in people who have depression. XANAX can make you sleepy or dizzy and can slow your thinking and motor skills. Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how XANAX affects you.Flubromazolam is currently not marketed as a medication but rather as a research chemical and recreational drug. It mostly causes sedative effects but also has moderate anti-anxiety and muscle relaxant effects. A case of a severe intoxication of flubromazolam has been reported. Case details: A 27-year-old man, presented with deep coma ...Xanax is in a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. Xanax affects chemicals in the brain that may become unbalanced and cause anxiety. Xanax is used to relieve anxiety, nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. Xanax is also used to treat panic disorders. Xanax may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this ...Xanax XR: 3 mg [contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine), fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)] Generic: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg. Pharmacology Mechanism of Action. Binds to stereospecific …Alprazolam, known by various trade names, is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication in the United States. Alprazolam is frequently prescribed to manage panic and anxiety disorders. Alprazolam has also been misused for recreational purposes because of its disinhibition, euphoria, and anxiolytic effects. FDA …Valium may be absorbed slightly faster than Xanax; however, the difference is minimal. Peak concentrations of both usually occur within 1-2 hours. Effects of Xanax last on average 5 hours although there are wide variations between individuals (see below). Effects of Valium last approximately 4 hours, although may persist for longer in some people.Xanax (Zanax) is a tranquilizer used in the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety or the treatment of anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorder is marked by unrealistic worry or excessive fears and concerns. Anxiety associated with depression is also …Effects of Xanax Withdrawal. One found that after six months of treatment, 40% of people taking benzodiazepines have moderate to severe withdrawal symptoms once they quit taking the medication. Common effects of withdrawal include: Malaise. Dizziness. Insomnia. Tachycardia (fast heart rate) Severe sleep disturbance.Final Flubromazolam A. ] ] o Z À ] Á Z } W &>h ZKD K> D . Æ } u u ] } v µ P v v & } Ç r Z ] D ] v P . ' v À U í î t î ì K } î ì î ì . 7KLV UHSRUW FRQWDLQV WKH YLHZV RI DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO JURXS RI H[SHUWV DQG GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHSUHVHQW WKH GHFLVLRQV RU WKH VWDWHG SROLF\ RI WKH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ .Valium and Xanax are both benzodiazepines, however, Valium has a quicker onset and takes longer to eliminate from the body. While they both treat anxiety disorders effectively, Xanax is also approved in the treatment of panic attacks. Valium is also effective in treating seizure disorders and muscle spasms.Dosage Considerations of Alprazolam (Xanax) Treatment of Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders. 0.25-0.5 mg orally once every 6-8 hours. titrate dosage to effect once every 3-4 days; not to exceed 4 mg/day. Panic Disorder Treatment (Panic and Anxiety Attacks) Immediate-release. 0.5 mg orally once every 8 hours; may adjust once every 3-4 days by 1 mg or ...Xanax (alprazolam) is a medication used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. One dose of Xanax can last anywhere from 31 hours to 134.5 hours (5.6 days) in the body, depending on factors related to the individual who took it. However, the calming, relaxing, and sedative effects of Xanax usually wear off within about eight to twelve hours.Online designer benzodiazepines began with diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam, and most recently expanded to include clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, nifoxipam, meclonazepam, and notably, flubromazolam. 2 Flubromazepam, pyrazolam, and flubromazolam are structurally similar and classified as narcotic substances in Sweden.Some dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name Xanax. Applies to alprazolam: oral solution, oral tablet, oral tablet disintegrating, oral tablet extended release. Serious side effects of Xanax. Along with its needed effects, alprazolam (the active ingredient contained in Xanax) may cause some unwanted effects.Flubromazolam (JYI-73) is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives. Flubromazolam is reputed to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that clonazolam and flubromazolam in particular may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to their ability to produce strong …Online designer benzodiazepines began with diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam, and most recently expanded to include clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, nifoxipam, …Greyhound will resume service between the U.S. and Canada starting Nov. 8. Greyhound will resume bus service between the U.S. and Canada aligning with the U.S. reopening of its nor...Alprazolam is a white crystalline powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in water at physiological pH. Each XANAX Tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 mg of alprazolam. XANAX Tablets, 2 mg, are multi-scored and may be divided as shown below:Sep 28, 2023 ... The newer drug has the clinical name of Flubromazolam, which is also known as liquid Xanax and is described as a potent designer benzodiazepine ...Jun 17, 2021 · According to a study conducted by Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Flubromazolam has produced life-threatening side effects in individuals with as little as 3 mg ingested. What Is Flubromazolam? 1. Traditional benzos, such as Xanax or Klonopin, are typically prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia. Otterize, a platform that offers tools to help developers securely connect software services, has raised $11.5 million in a venture round. Tomer Greenwald, Uri Sarid and Ori Shosha...Aug 7, 2023 · Xanax also comes as a long-acting form called Xanax XR (extended-release). Xanax XR tablets come in the following strengths, colors, and shapes: 0.5 mg: white, pentagon; 1 mg: yellow, square; 2 mg ... Valium and Xanax are brand names for two types of medication for anxiety. The generic name for Valium is diazepam. The generic name for Xanax is alprazolam. Many anxiety symptoms result, to some ...The first documented seizure of bromazolam in Europe was in Sweden in 2016 (38), while reports first appeared in the USA in 2019 (24). In the USA, its detection increased from …Looking for the top activities and stuff to do in Port Washington, WI? Click this now to discover the BEST things to do in Port Washington - AND GET FR With a welcoming downtown an...Xanax, known generically as alprazolam, is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class of drugs. It is commonly used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and panic attacks. The drug works by increasing the activity of specific neurotransmitters in the brain, which helps to promote a calming effect. Benzodiazepines like Xanax are known ...Xanax is the brand name of a drug called alprazolam. Alprazolam, a medication that may cause physical dependence and, in some cases, addiction, is commonly prescribed. Many people take this ...Alprazolam is not only the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepine, but it is the most commonly prescribed psychotropic medication in the United States, accounting for more than 48 million prescriptions dispensed in 2013 (Grohol, 2016).This persists despite the fact that many prescribers consider alprazolam to have high misuse liability and it is shown to …Aug 22, 2022 · Flubromazolam was detectable in urine for up to 6.5 days, while hydroxy-flubromazolam, a metabolite, was detectable for up to 8 days . As for serum levels, the first peak occurred 5 h after ingestion (7.4 ng/mL), with the greatest peak occurring post-prandially at the 8 h mark (8.6 ng/mL) [ 71 ]. 3.9. Flubromazolam. Flubromazolam is a substituted BZD, structurally related to pyrazolam from which it differs due to the substitution of a 2-fluorophenyl instead of a 2-pyridinyl group at position 6. Moreover, it is the triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam and it is structurally related to alprazolam and triazolam [90-93]. The substance has ...Jun 24, 2021 · The use of Xanax and opioid drugs may cause severe side effects, including extreme sleepiness and respiratory depression (slow or weak breathing). Other severe side effects include coma and, in ... Xanax Effects. When taken orally, Xanax is rapidly absorbed. Thus, effects can be experienced within 30 minutes and can last up to roughly 6 hours. 3 The most common adverse effects of alprazolam include impaired coordination, low blood pressure, difficulty speaking, and increased libido. 5. Additional adverse effects of Xanax include: 1,3.Flubromazolam 5mg/1mL Flualprazolam 1mg/1mL ... If you look up panic disorder online, the recommended dose of xanax is 4-8mg a day depending on the source. Tell them you want to be properly medicated per your condition and the official recommendations. And if they won’t give it to you then who do they know who actually cares about reducing ...18 August 2023. Article history. PDF. Split View. Cite. Permissions. Share. Abstract. Flualprazolam and flubromazolam are synthetic benzodiazepines that have not been …For oral dosage forms (solution, tablets, or orally disintegrating tablets): Adults—At first, 0.25 to 0.5 milligram (mg) 3 times a day. Your doctor may increase your dose as needed. However, the dose is usually not more than 4 mg per day. Older adults—At first, 0.25 mg 2 or 3 times a day.Rare/Serious side effects. Shortness of breath, trouble speaking, feeling very tired, dizziness, or passing out. Increased heart rate, headache, memory impairment, irritability, and restlessness may occur. Some people taking benzodiazepines develop a severe allergic reaction and swelling of the face.Flubromazolam was detectable in urine for up to 6.5 days, while hydroxy-flubromazolam, a metabolite, was detectable for up to 8 days . As for serum levels, the first peak occurred 5 h after ingestion (7.4 ng/mL), with the greatest peak occurring post-prandially at the 8 h mark (8.6 ng/mL) . A post ...Online designer benzodiazepines began with diclazepam, flubromazepam, and pyrazolam, and most recently expanded to include clonazolam, deschloroetizolam, nifoxipam, …Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088. Alprazolam (Xanax, Xanax XR, Niravam) is an anti-anxiety drug that belongs to the benzodiazepine class. Common side effects are fatigue, constipation, changes in weight, and addiction (dependency). Withdrawal symptoms are headaches, anxiety, nausea and vomiting.Sep 28, 2023 ... The newer drug has the clinical name of Flubromazolam, which is also known as liquid Xanax and is described as a potent designer benzodiazepine ... Alprazolam, sold under the brand name Xanax and others, is a fast-acting, potent tranquilizer of moderate duration within the triazolobenzodiazepine group of chemicals called benzodiazepines. [10] Alprazolam is most commonly prescribed in the management of anxiety disorders, especially panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). [6] What Is Flubromazolam? 1. Traditional benzos, such as Xanax or Klonopin, are typically prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and insomnia. These substances …Learn why the content of your website can make or break a user's experience and the process to how you can build a persona-optimized website. Trusted by business builders worldwide... For oral dosage forms (solution, tablets, or orally disintegrating tablets): Adults—At first, 0.25 to 0.5 milligram (mg) 3 times a day. Your doctor may increase your dose as needed. However, the dose is usually not more than 4 mg per day. Older adults—At first, 0.25 mg 2 or 3 times a day. The recommended starting oral dosage of XANAX for the treatment of PD is 0.5 mg three times daily. Depending on the response, the dosage may be increased at intervals of every 3 to 4 days in increments of no more than 1 mg per day. Controlled trials of XANAX in the treatment of panic disorder included dosages in the range of 1 mg to 10 …Xanax Effects. When taken orally, Xanax is rapidly absorbed. Thus, effects can be experienced within 30 minutes and can last up to roughly 6 hours. 3 The most common adverse effects of alprazolam include impaired coordination, low blood pressure, difficulty speaking, and increased libido. 5. Additional adverse effects of Xanax include: 1,3.The Community Drug Strategy has received confirmation of a new potent substance, flubromazolam, circulating in Sudbury and Manitoulin districts. Flubromazolam, also known as “liquid Xanax”, is a potent designer benzodiazepine (benzo). Consuming flubromazolam can result in strong sedation and partial amnesia … Final Flubromazolam A. ] ] o Z À ] Á Z } W &>h ZKD K> D . Æ } u u ] } v µ P v v & } Ç r Z ] D ] v P . ' v À U í î t î ì K } î ì î ì . 7KLV UHSRUW FRQWDLQV WKH YLHZV RI DQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO JURXS RI H[SHUWV DQG GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ UHSUHVHQW WKH GHFLVLRQV RU WKH VWDWHG SROLF\ RI WKH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ . Warning. This medicine is a benzodiazepine. The use of a benzodiazepine drug along with opioid drugs has led to very bad side effects. Side effects that have happened include slowed or trouble breathing and death. Opioid drugs include drugs like codeine, oxycodone, and morphine. Opioid drugs are used to treat pain and some are …Advertisement The Western idea of zero being more than just a placeholder came from India in the fifth century A.D. It was here that zero as a number began to take shape and spread...Dry mouth, headache, and a decrease in libido (sexual drive) are also common. May impair reaction skills and affect a person's ability to drive or operate machinery. Avoid alcohol (can enhance the sedative effect). Alprazolam is potentially addictive and may cause emotional and physical dependence.3.9. Flubromazolam. Flubromazolam is a substituted BZD, structurally related to pyrazolam from which it differs due to the substitution of a 2-fluorophenyl instead of a 2-pyridinyl group at position 6. Moreover, it is the triazolo-analogue of flubromazepam and it is structurally related to alprazolam and triazolam [90-93]. The substance has ...Eligible patients may pay a minimum of $4 per monthly prescription fill. By using this Savings Offer, eligible patients may receive a savings of up to $125 per fill off their co-pay or out-of-pocket costs. This Savings Offer is available for a maximum savings of $1,500 per year ($125 per month x 12 months).Rare/Serious side effects. Shortness of breath, trouble speaking, feeling very tired, dizziness, or passing out. Increased heart rate, headache, memory impairment, irritability, and restlessness may occur. Some people taking benzodiazepines develop a severe allergic reaction and swelling of the face.Learn about side effects, dosage, and more of Xanax (alprazolam), which is a prescription tablet that treats anxiety in adults. If you have anxiety, your medical professional may r...Article at a Glance: Xanax is a short-acting anti-anxiety drug used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. Xanax affects the central nervous system and calms the brain and nerves by increasing GABA neurotransmitter levels. Xanax comes in a regular form and an extended-release form. Xanax can be very effective in helping people cope with symptoms ...Xanax forms and strengths. Xanax is available as an immediate-release tablet in four different milligram (mg) dose strengths. Tablets: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg. Other dosage forms include extended-release tablets (Xanax XR), orally disintegrating tablets, or oral solutions for easier administration.Xanax has an average half-life of roughly 11 hours in healthy adults. In other words, it takes 11 hours for the average healthy person to eliminate half of the dose of Xanax. However, it’s ...Xanax is a medication commonly prescribed for panic disorder in the US. Findings from a recent study have suggested that Xanax for panic disorder may be less effective than previously thought ...The use of benzodiazepines, including XANAX, exposes users to risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction, which can lead to overdose or death. Before prescribing XANAX and throughout treatment, assess each patient’s risk for abuse, misuse, and addiction. (5.2) Abrupt discontinuation or rapid dosage reduction of XANAX afterWhat is the dosage of Xanax vs. Valium? Xanax. The starting dose for treating anxiety is 0.25-0.5 mg 3 to 4 times daily using immediate release tablets. The dose may be increased every 3-4 days to a maximum dose of 4 mg daily. The starting dose for treating panic attacks is 0.5 mg 3 times daily. Doses can be increased every 3-4 days but by no ...XANAX (alprazolam) is indicated to treat anxiety disorders and for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety. XANAX is also indicated to treat panic disorder with or without a fear of places and situations that might …Ativan and Xanax are both benzodiazepines used for the treatment of anxiety, and both are equally effective for this use. The differences are: Xanax has a quicker onset of effect, but a shorter duration of action (4 to 6 hours) compared with Ativan’s 8 hours. Sedative and performance-impairing effects may occur sooner with Xanax, but ...Although this will not come as news to anyone who’s been on any one of the most common psychiatric medicatio Although this will not come as news to anyone who’s been on any one of ... Side Effects. See also Warning section. Drowsiness, dizziness, increased saliva production, or change in sex drive /ability may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor ... Diclaz is like valium as is 2 mg flubromazepam with a long half life of 106hrs. Dog doesn't get tolerance as his dose is low to 'work'/treat a condition and not get high. 1/3 to 1/2 mg flualprazolam works great and if near bedtime can aid in sleep, but nothing beats flubromazolam also at 1/2mg or less. Valium. Xanax. Available strengths. Tablet: 2 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg; solution: 5 mg per 5 milliliters (mL), 5 mg per mL (concentrate). Tablet: 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg. Recommended dosing. Anxiety ...Feb 17, 2023 · Valium and Xanax are brand names for two types of medication for anxiety. The generic name for Valium is diazepam. The generic name for Xanax is alprazolam. Many anxiety symptoms result, to some ... Ativan and Xanax are both benzodiazepines used for the treatment of anxiety, and both are equally effective for this use. The differences are: Xanax has a quicker onset of effect, but a shorter duration of action (4 to 6 hours) compared with Ativan’s 8 hours. Sedative and performance-impairing effects may occur sooner with Xanax, but ...
The average dose of XANAX was 5 mg to 6 mg per day in 2 of the studies, and the doses of XANAX were fixed at 2 mg and 6 mg per day in the third study. In all 3 studies, XANAX was superior to placebo on a variable defined as “the number of patients with zero panic attacks” (range, 37% to 83% met this criterion), as well as on a global .... Bls final exam quizlet
History of Xanax Use. Xanax is most commonly prescribed to treat: Anxiety. Panic disorders. Dr. Leo Sternbach created the first benzodiazepine—chlordiazepoxide (Librium)—in 1956 in an attempt to create safer, less addictive alternatives to traditional tranquilizer drugs such as alcohol, barbiturates, and meprobamate.The average dose of XANAX was 5-6 mg/day in two of the studies, and the doses of XANAX were fixed at 2 and 6 mg/day in the third study. In all three studies, XANAX was superior to placebo on a variable defined as "the number of patients with zero panic attacks" (range, 37 83% met this criterion), as well as on a global improvement score.The average dose of XANAX was 5 mg to 6 mg per day in 2 of the studies, and the doses of XANAX were fixed at 2 mg and 6 mg per day in the third study. In all 3 studies, XANAX was superior to placebo on a variable defined as "the number of patients with zero panic attacks" (range, 37% to 83% met this criterion), as well as on a global ...The effects of Xanax are brief. Most people will feel the strongest impacts from the drug for two to four hours. Lingering effects or “fuzzy feelings” may stretch out beyond that for several ...Diazepam (Valium) is a benzodiazepine. It's used to treat symptoms of anxiety and alcohol withdrawal. It can also treat certain types of muscle spasms and seizures. Diazepam (Valium) comes as a tablet and liquid solution. It's taken by mouth, typically 2 to 4 times daily. Some common side effects of diazepam (Valium) include sleepiness ...Dry mouth, headache, and a decrease in libido (sexual drive) are also common. May impair reaction skills and affect a person's ability to drive or operate machinery. Avoid alcohol (can enhance the sedative effect). Alprazolam is potentially addictive and may cause emotional and physical dependence.Get ratings and reviews for the top 6 home warranty companies in Kewanee, IL. Helping you find the best home warranty companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Al...The use of Xanax and opioid drugs may cause severe side effects, including extreme sleepiness and respiratory depression (slow or weak breathing). Other severe side effects include coma and, in ...Identification. Summary. Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine with intermediate onset commonly used to treat panic disorders and generalized anxiety in addition to anxiety associated with depression. Brand Names. Niravam, Xanax. Generic Name. Alprazolam. DrugBank Accession Number. DB00404. Side Effects. See also Warning section. Drowsiness, dizziness, increased saliva production, or change in sex drive /ability may occur. If any of these effects last or get worse, tell your doctor ... Dosage for generalized anxiety disorder. The typical starting dose of Xanax for generalized anxiety disorder is 0.25 mg to 0.5 mg, three times per day. It’s also possible that the dose of Xanax ....